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CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19/12/2023

CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19/12/2023

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  1. CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19/12/2023

CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19/12/2023

Significant Increase in One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Beneficiaries

(General Studies- Paper II)

Source : The Indian Express

The implementation of the One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) scheme in Delhi has witnessed a substantial rise in beneficiaries, indicating its success in providing accessible ration through fair price shops.

  • The latest data from the Food and Supplies Department reveals a notable increase in the number of people utilizing ONORC, with 30 lakh beneficiaries availing ration in the current year.
  • This reflects a remarkable growth of 66.66% compared to the previous year, suggesting a positive impact on the distribution of essential goods.

Key Highlights

  • In the year 2022-23, a total of 30 lakh individuals in Delhi utilized the ONORC scheme to obtain ration from fair price shops.
  • This marks a 66.66% increase from the previous year, where approximately 18 lakh beneficiaries registered between January and December 2022.
  • This jump also indicates that the number of people from outside Delhi under Below Poverty Line (BPL) getting ration has also increased.
  • The Economic Survey of Delhi, 2022-23, highlighted that the national capital accounted for 70% of all ONORC transactions in India since the scheme’s initiation in 2021.
  • Implementation Details:
    • The ONORC scheme was introduced in Delhi on July 19, 2021, accompanied by the installation of electronic-point of sale (e-PoS) devices at fair price shops.
    • Ration distribution in Delhi involves e-PoS devices and biometric (Aadhaar) authentication of beneficiaries, ensuring transparency in the process.
    • The scheme facilitates intra-state and inter-state portability of ration cards, enabling migrant beneficiaries to access the public distribution system (PDS).
  • Under Delhi’s PDS, beneficiaries receive 5 kilograms of foodgrains per person each month, comprising 4 kg wheat and 1 kg rice, along with 1 kg of sugar.
  • Despite the scheme’s success, challenges are encountered, particularly with server issues affecting the biometric system.
    • While glitches are generally resolved within 30 minutes, there are instances where disruptions last an entire day, causing inconvenience to beneficiaries.

About One Nation One Ration Card Scheme

  • The One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) scheme is a nationwide initiative launched by the Government of India to facilitate the seamless and portable distribution of food grains to beneficiaries under the Public Distribution System (PDS).
  • The objective is to ensure that eligible beneficiaries can access their entitled food grains at subsidized rates from any fair price shop (FPS) across the country.
  • The One Nation One Ration Card facility was started as inter-State portability of ration cards in 4 States w.e.f. August 2019.
    • The Centre has informed that with Assam implementing the ‘One Nation One Ration Card’ (ONORC) scheme, its pan-India rollout is now complete.
  • Benefits:
    • This system allows all NFSA beneficiaries, particularly migrant beneficiaries, to claim either full or part foodgrains from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) in the country through an existing ration card with biometric/Aadhaar authentication in a seamless manner.
    • The system also allows their family members back home, if any, to claim the balance foodgrains on same the ration card.
    • Apart from this, ONORC will also give the beneficiaries the opportunity to choose their own dealer.
    • With many cases of misallocation, the beneficiary can switch to another FPS shop instantly, if there is any case of foul play.
    • There is no need to share or carry the ration card or Aadhaar card with ration dealer to avail of the benefit.
  • Eligibility: All eligible NFSA ration card holders can access their entitlements from any location in the country.

Post Office Bill, 2023

(General Studies- Paper II)

Source : The Indian Express

The Post Office Bill, 2023, passed in the Rajya Sabha on December 4, has been brought to the Lok Sabha for consideration on December 13.

  • Aimed at repealing the 125-year-old Indian Post Office Act of 1898, the new Bill addresses the evolving nature of services provided by the Post Office, extending beyond traditional mail delivery.

Key Highlights

  • Objectives of the Bill:
    • The primary objective of the Post Office Bill, 2023, is to consolidate and amend the law related to Post Offices in India.
    • The transformation of the Post Office network into a provider of various citizen-centric services necessitated the enactment of a new law, given the outdated nature of the 1898 Act.
  • Provisions Allowing Centre’s Authority:
    • A key provision in the Bill, specifically outlined in Section 9, grants the Centre the authority to empower officers to “intercept, open, or detain any item.”
    • This interception can occur in the interest of state security, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, emergency, public safety, or contravention of other laws.
  • Similarities to 1898 Act:
    • The power granted under Section 9 echoes Sections 19, 25, and 26 of the 1898 Act.
    • Section 19(1) of the old Act prohibited the sending of certain items by post, including explosives, dangerous substances, sharp instruments, and noxious or deleterious substances.
    • The new Bill maintains a similar stance but extends the reasons for interception beyond these specific items.
    • Interception Criteria:
      • The Bill allows post officers to intercept items suspected of containing prohibited substances or those liable to duty.
      • This aligns with the provisions of Sections 25 and 26 of the 1898 Act, which permitted the government to intercept prohibited or restricted articles during transmission by post, particularly in emergencies or for the interest of public safety.
    • Observations and Discretion:
      • The Law Commission’s 1968 examination of the 1898 Act noted that the term “emergency” lacked explicit definition, granting significant discretion in the interception of goods.
      • This observation suggests that the new Bill, in retaining such interception powers, continues to allow flexibility in interpreting and addressing emergent situations.
    • Exemption from Liability:
      • Section 10 Exemptions: The Bill exempts the Post Office and its officers from liability for any loss, mis-delivery, delay, or damage occurring during the provision of services, except as may be prescribed.
      • This provision aligns with the 1898 Act, which similarly exempted the government from liability unless expressly undertaken.
    • Removal of Penalties and Offences:
      • The 2023 Bill removes all penalties and offences stipulated in the 1898 Act. Offenses like misconduct, fraud, and theft by post office officials are entirely deleted.
      • Anyone refusing or neglecting to pay charges for Post Office services can be held liable, and the amount is recoverable as if it were an arrear of land revenue.
    • End of Centre’s Exclusivity:
      • The Bill removes Section 4 of the 1898 Act, which granted the Centre exclusive privilege for conveying letters by post.
      • This exclusivity had eroded with the rise of private courier services in the 1980s.
      • For the first time, the 2023 Bill regulates private courier services, expanding its scope beyond the traditional definition of letters.
      • Private courier services are now subject to the Bill’s regulations.
    • Opposition Criticism:
      • Members of the Opposition criticize the Bill for retaining draconian provisions from the colonial era, despite the promise to update the law.
      • Opposition voices, express concern that the Bill, while revising a colonial law, maintains arbitrary and unreasonable provisions, encroaching upon fundamental rights.

More about the Bill

  • Postal services in India fall under the Union List of the Constitution, regulated by the Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
  • This act grants the central government exclusive privilege over conveying letters, and the services are provided through India Post, a departmental undertaking.
  • Historical Amendments and Proposed Changes:
    • A bill in 1986 aimed to align grounds for intercepting postal articles with reasonable restrictions on fundamental rights but did not receive presidential assent and was withdrawn.
    • In 2002, a bill was introduced, including amendments to regulate private courier services.
      • The bill lapsed after referral to a Standing Committee.
    • 2006 and 2011 Draft Bills: Draft bills were released proposing amendments to regulate private courier services, but corresponding bills were not introduced in Parliament.
  • Recent Amendments:
    • 2017 Tariff Delegation: In 2017, the Act was amended to delegate tariff decision-making power to the central government, shifting it from Parliament.
    • Jan Vishwas Act, 2023: The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, removed all offenses and penalties under the Act.

Key Features of the Bill

  • Exclusive Privileges of the Central Government:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Grants exclusive privileges to the central government for conveying letters and related services.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: The Bill does not explicitly provide for such privileges. However, it maintains India Post’s exclusive authority to issue postage stamps.
  • Prescribed Services by India Post:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Specifies services such as the delivery of postal articles and money orders.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: Provides that India Post will offer services as prescribed by the central government.
  • Director General’s Regulatory Powers:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Director General has authority over the time and manner of delivering postal services.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: Empowers the Director General to make regulations on various aspects of postal services, including charges and the supply of postage stamps and postal stationery.
  • Powers to Intercept Postal Articles:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Allows interception on certain grounds like public emergency, public safety, or tranquility, by central or state governments or authorized officers.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: Broadens grounds for interception, empowering officers appointed by the central government for security, foreign relations, public order, emergency, public safety, or contravention of laws.
  • Examination of Postal Articles under Law or Duty:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Officers may examine postal articles containing goods prohibited or liable for duty.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: Removes examination powers. The central government may empower an India Post officer to deliver such articles to customs or other specified authorities for handling.
  • Exemptions from Liability:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Exempts the government from liability unless expressly undertaken. Officers exempt unless fraudulent or willful.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: Retains exemptions and allows the central government to prescribe liability under rules for services by India Post.
  • Removal of Offences and Penalties:
    • Indian Post Act of 1898: Specifies various offenses and penalties, removed by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023.
    • Post Office Bill, 2023: Does not specify offenses, except for the recovery of unpaid amounts, treatable as arrears of land revenue.

Logistics: Is it the key bottle­neck?

(General Studies- Paper III)

Source : The Indian Express

Amid India’s positioning as an alternative to China, improving competitiveness in logistics is crucial to withstand competition from nations like Vietnam and Indonesia.

  • While infrastructure spending has increased, persistent logistical issues hinder Indian manufacturing and export growth.
  • The challenges and state performance are highlighted in the Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) perception survey by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Key Highlights

  • Landlocked States’ Performance:
    • A perception survey with 7,321 respondents indicates improved average scores in landlocked states across parameters like road quality, terminals, logistics cost, and skilled workforce compared to 2019.
    • However, official data reveals that Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana constitute 70% of exports, creating a widening income and job generation gap between landlocked and coastal states.
    • Survey results on road and terminal quality show Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh receiving low perception scores.
    • User satisfaction improved in Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab.
    • Jharkhand scored below-average across all indicators, including infrastructure, services, and operating and regulatory categories.
    • Only five states continue to contribute significantly to exports, raising concerns about regional imbalances and limited economic benefits for other states.
  • Challenges in Logistics:
    • Deep-seated logistical problems persist, impacting manufacturing competitiveness and export potential.
    • The need for addressing issues like road quality, terminal facilities, and logistics costs to enhance overall logistics efficiency.
    • Despite infrastructure development, challenges in logistics persist and hinder India’s ability to compete globally.
    • Addressing regional disparities and enhancing logistics efficiency is vital for promoting inclusive economic growth and boosting India’s manufacturing and export capabilities.
  • North-Eastern States:
    • North-Eastern states contribute only 2.8% to India’s GDP and require significant logistics upliftment, particularly due to social unrest.
    • The survey indicates marked improvement in all parameters for the North-Eastern states compared to the 2019 survey.
    • Manipur has generally lower user satisfaction levels than the North-East Group average, with relatively high stress in the ‘ease of entry’ category.
    • Assam performed better than average on most counts, but Meghalaya’s user performance assessment was below the North-East Group average.
  • Coastal States:
    • Coastal states, including Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, contribute 75% to total exports.
    • Gujarat leads with a 33% share, followed by Maharashtra (16%) and Tamil Nadu (9%).
    • The survey reveals that Goa, Odisha, and West Bengal continue to perform below the average among coastal states.
    • In Odisha, while there has been an improvement in overall perception since 2019, indicator averages for this year remain below the Coastal Group average.
  • Key Observations:
    • North-Eastern states, despite their smaller contribution to GDP, show improvements in logistics parameters.
    • Manipur faces challenges in user satisfaction, particularly in the ‘ease of entry’ category.
    • Assam performs well, but Meghalaya lags in the North-East Group.
    • Coastal states, essential for exports, have historical strength in logistics, with Gujarat leading the pack.
    • Despite improvements, Odisha’s logistics perception remains below the Coastal Group average.
  • Implications:
    • Logistics upliftment is crucial for North-Eastern states to address social unrest and boost economic development.
    • Coastal states need continuous improvements to maintain their crucial role in contributing to India’s exports.
    • Targeted interventions are necessary to address specific challenges faced by individual states in both regions.

Telecom Bill introduced in LS

(General Studies- Paper II)

Source : TH

The Telecommunications Bill of 2023, recently introduced in the Lok Sabha, marks a significant overhaul of telecommunications law, replacing the Telegraph Act of 1885.

  • The proposed legislation consolidates various aspects such as spectrum management, right of way, and dispute resolution into a single comprehensive statute.

Key Highlights

  • Transition from Licensing to Authorisations:
    • Unlike the previous licensing system, the Bill introduces the concept of ‘authorizations’ that telecom operators and service providers must obtain for activities related to the transmission of messages through wire, radio, optical, or electromagnetic systems.
    • The scope of the Bill does not extend to online services like WhatsApp, telegram.
    • Authorizations are required for establishing a telecom network and possessing radio equipment.
  • Biometric Authentication Mandate:
    • One notable requirement for telecom customers is the mandate for “biometric authentication,” aimed at addressing the issue of spam calls and messages.
    • The specific form of biometric authentication will be notified later.
  • Spectrum Refarming and Harmonisation:
    • The Bill incorporates various amendments and structures that have evolved in telecom regulation since the Telegraph Act of 1885.
    • It gives statutory force to the National Frequency Allocation Plan, which allocates airwaves for different purposes.
    • Spectrum allotment will now prefer auctions, with administrative allotment reserved for specific cases such as satellite TV and broadband.
    • A key feature of the Bill is the provision for spectrum refarming, allowing telecom companies to repurpose spectrum for technologies other than initially intended.
    • For example, 4G spectrum can be repurposed for 5G under the Bill’s provisions.
    • The legislation also enables the “harmonisation” of spectrum, allowing strategic sharing across different geographical areas by different telecom operators.
    • Unused spectrum can be surrendered, ensuring optimal utilization of airwaves.
  • Trusted Sources Regime and Surveillance Provisions:
    • The Bill retains the “trusted sources” regime initiated after the 2020 Indo–Chinese border skirmishes, preventing imports of telecom equipment from hostile nations.
    • A “voluntary undertaking” system allows telecom companies to self-report compliance lapses, and a three-tier adjudicatory mechanism is introduced for dispute resolution.
    • Provisions for lawful interception and surveillance of telecom communications are maintained, with the Union government empowered to take over telecom network operations in cases of public emergency or safety concerns.
  • Right-of-Way Laws and Local Authority Empowerment:
    • Amendments to right-of-way laws grant more authority to local bodies, such as district magistrates, to adjudicate disputes, aiming to expedite the delivery of digital connectivity benefits to Indian citizens.
    • The Cellular Operators Association of India sees these measures as positive steps for accelerating digital connectivity.
  • Satellite Spectrum Allotment:
    • The Bill allows spectrum allotments to satellite internet providers like Bharti-backed OneWeb and U.S.-based firms, including SpaceX’s Starlink.
    • Only OneWeb and Jio currently hold active satellite authorizations; after the law’s passage, administrative allotments for spectrum will be required before operations commence.
    • The decision to allocate satellite spectrum through a globally harmonized administrative method is praised by the Indian Space Association, fostering healthy competition and growth in the space sector.
  • Digital Bharat Nidhi and Universal Service Obligation Fund:
    • The Universal Service Obligation Fund, responsible for disbursing funds to underserved areas lacking telecom services, will be renamed “Digital Bharat Nidhi” under the new law.
    • The Digital Infrastructure Providers Association welcomes the Bill, citing its resolution of long-standing issues for telecom infrastructure providers, including the capping of charges and streamlined deployment of infrastructure on private property.
  • Historical Context:
    • The Bill marks the first comprehensive rewrite of telecommunications law in 138 years, replacing the British-era Telegraph Act of 1885.
    • Previous changes in telecom law over the years were facilitated through other laws and incremental amendments to the Telegraph Act.

About Universal Service Obligation Fund

  • The Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) is a government initiative aimed at promoting universal access to telecommunication services in India.
  • The USOF was established by the Government of India under the National Telecom Policy (NTP) of 1999.
  • Objective:
    • The primary objective of the Universal Service Obligation Fund is to provide access to telecommunication services to all citizens, especially those residing in rural and remote areas where it might not be economically viable for service providers to operate.
  • The fund is financed through a percentage of the revenue earned by telecom service providers, both government and private, operating in India. The specific percentage is determined by the government.
  • Key Functions:
    • USOF is utilized to fund the development of telecommunication infrastructure in underserved and unserved areas.
    • This includes the installation of mobile towers, laying of optic fiber cables, and other necessary infrastructure.
    • The fund may be used to provide subsidies and incentives to telecom operators for offering services in economically unviable areas, making it financially feasible for them to extend their networks to these regions.
    • USOF may be utilized to promote access to specific services such as broadband internet, making sure that the benefits of the digital revolution reach all segments of the population.
  • The USOF is administered by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in India.
  • The Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003 giving statutory status to the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was passed by both Houses of Parliament in December 2003.

Landmark Judgment on Governor’s Powers: CJI’s Interpretation of Article 200

(General Studies- Paper II)

Source : TH

In a significant ruling on November 10, 2023, Chief Justice of India (CJI) D.Y. Chandrachud delivered a groundbreaking interpretation of Article 200 of the Indian Constitution in the case of State of Punjab vs Principal Secretary to the Governor of Punjab and Another.

  • The focus was on the first proviso of Article 200, which pertains to a Governor’s options when presented with a Bill for assent after passing through the State Legislature.

Key Highlights

  • Interpretation by CJI:
    • The Chief Justice creatively interpreted Article 200, specifically the first proviso, shedding light on the Governor’s powers and the process of assent for a Bill.
  • Key Points of the Interpretation:
    • The judgment emphasized the real meaning of the first proviso, stating that the Governor may send the Bill back to the Assembly with a request for reconsideration of the entire Bill or certain provisions.
    • A pivotal aspect of the interpretation is linking the withholding of assent to the obligation of sending the Bill back to the Assembly for immediate reconsideration.
    • The CJI’s interpretation virtually eliminates the option of the Governor withholding assent independently.
    • If the Governor chooses to withhold assent, they are compelled to promptly send the Bill back for reconsideration, leaving no alternative but to eventually give assent.
  • The Supreme Court, through the Punjab case, emphatically asserted that Governors cannot unduly delay decisions on Bills.
  • This addresses a common practice where Governors would refrain from making a decision on Bills, causing significant delays and hindering the legislative process at the state level.
  • The top court’s decision provides much-needed clarity to Article 200, delineating the process and obligations concerning a Governor’s response to Bills presented for assent.
  • Governors are now compelled to swiftly make decisions on Bills, preventing extended delays that could impede the functioning of the legislative process at the state level.
  • Governor’s Discretion on Reserving Bills for President: Constitutional Analysis
    • In the realm of state governance, a significant constitutional issue has arisen concerning a Governor’s discretion in reserving Bills for the consideration of the President.
    • This matter holds particular importance as it touches upon the potential misuse of power by Governors, impacting the legislative process of State governments.
  • Reserving Bills for President: Constitutional Ambiguity:
    • While the Constitution explicitly mandates the reservation of certain Bills for the President’s consideration, there remains ambiguity regarding the discretionary power of Governors in this matter.
    • The second proviso to Article 200 outlines that Bills derogating from the powers of the High Court must be mandatorily reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • Constitutional References and Constraints:
    • The Constitution indirectly addresses the reservation of Bills for the President in Article 213, which deals with the ordinance-making power of Governors.
    • Article 254 (2) states that a State law on a Concurrent List item can prevail, even with provisions repugnant to a central law, if it has been reserved for the President’s consideration and received his assent.
    • Analysis suggests that Governors may not have the authority to send Bills exclusively related to State subjects to the President for assent.
    • The federal scheme of legislative division implies that the President lacks jurisdiction to scrutinize and approve Bills exclusively related to State subjects.
  • Conclusion: Governors’ Limited Authority:
    • Based on the constitutional analysis, it can be inferred that Governors may not have the discretion to send Bills solely on State subjects or those on concurrent subjects lacking provisions repugnant to central laws for the President’s assent.
    • The primary responsibility of Governors, if they perceive a Bill as unconstitutional, is to send it back to the Assembly for reconsideration.
    • Ultimately, the court holds the authority to determine the constitutional validity of laws, limiting the jurisdiction of both Governors and the President in this regard.

Article 200 of the Indian Constitution

  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution deals with the legislative power of the Governor of a state in India.
  • It outlines the options available to the Governor when a Bill is presented to them for consideration after being passed by the state legislature.
  • The article consists of two provisos that delineate specific circumstances under which the Governor can act.
  • Key Provisions of Article 200:
    • Assent to Bills:
      • The primary provision of Article 200 grants the Governor the power to give their assent to a Bill that has been passed by the state legislature. Once the Governor gives assent, the Bill becomes law.
    • Reservation of Bills for President’s Consideration:
      • The first proviso to Article 200 provides the Governor with the authority to reserve any Bill for the consideration of the President of India.
      • This reservation is discretionary and allows the Governor to seek the President’s opinion on a particular Bill.
    • Consideration by President:
      • The second proviso specifies certain Bills that must be mandatorily reserved for the President’s consideration.
      • These are Bills that derogate from the powers of the High Court in a way that endangers the constitutionally designed position of that court.
    • Options for Governor after Consideration:
      • Following the consideration of a Bill, the Governor has several options:
        • Give assent to the Bill.
        • Reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration, either at the Governor’s discretion or as mandated by the first proviso.
        • Withhold assent, sending the Bill back to the state legislature with a request for reconsideration of the entire Bill or specific provisions (as per the first proviso).

Grass-root democracy as a bulwark against Maoists

(General Studies- Paper II)

Source : TH

The recently concluded Assembly elections in Chhattisgarh witnessed a crucial interplay of tribal votes, Maoist insurgency, and the challenges of democracy in conflict-ridden areas.

  • With the tribal population holding significant sway, political parties strategically navigated the tribal vote share of 34%, often considered decisive in determining the government formation in the state.
  • The Maoist insurgency, particularly prevalent in tribal regions like Bastar, added a complex layer to the electoral dynamics.

Key Highlights

  • Tribal Vote Dynamics:
    • Tribal voters, constituting 34% of the electorate, played a pivotal role in shaping political calculations.
    • The party that gains the support of the tribal voter traditionally forms the government in Chhattisgarh.
    • Maoist-affected areas, particularly in Bastar, witnessed low voter turnout, with reports indicating percentages as low as 3% to 4%.
    • Maoists, who advocate against the state, ironically enforce boycotts on elections, restricting tribal participation in the democratic process.
    • Elections in Maoist strongholds, designated as Schedule Five areas, have historically faced violence and boycott calls, contributing to a challenging democratic environment.
  • Issues of Democracy in Maoist Regions:
    • Maoists, claiming to fight for the people’s cause, paradoxically discourage democratic participation by orchestrating boycotts.
    • The Maoist strategy involves running a parallel government, termed ‘jantanasarkar,’ which faces skepticism from the local tribal population in the mid and long term.
    • Despite awareness among the tribals regarding their rights guaranteed by the Constitution, disillusionment and low democratic participation persist.
  • Tribal Awareness and Assertions:
    • The Pathalgadi movement in Jharkhand exemplifies tribal awareness and assertions for their constitutional rights.
    • Tribals increasingly demand their entitlements with a focus on dignity, reflecting a shift in their aspirations and political engagement.
  • Need for Implementation of PESA Act
    • There is a critical need for the complete and genuine implementation of the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) to empower tribal communities and counter the influence of Maoists in tribal regions.
    • Despite the passage of the PESA Act in 1996, none of the concerned State governments has fully implemented it, and political parties have failed to articulate clear modalities for execution.
    • Key Points:
      • The PESA Act, passed in 1996, envisions empowering gram sabhas as the primary governing authority over various socio-economic aspects in tribal areas.
      • The intent is to bring governance to the grassroots level and align it with the historical and traditional tribal way of life.
    • Incomplete Implementation and Maoist Exploitation:
      • State governments have only partially implemented the PESA Act, often driven by ulterior motives, creating a governance gap that Maoists exploit to establish their influence through the ‘jantanasarkar’ (people’s government).
      • A more sincere and comprehensive implementation of PESA could render the Maoists irrelevant, especially as their influence is receding.
    • PESA as a Tool for Mainstreaming Tribals:
      • The PESA Act, if fully implemented, could serve as a powerful tool to mainstream tribal communities by accommodating their aspirations.
      • Its robust implementation is deemed achievable in the mid and long run, presenting an opportunity to empower tribal governance and counter Maoist influence.
      • The Maoists have projected themselves as champions of the tribal cause, creating a myth that needs to be dispelled.
      • Genuine empowerment of democracy at the grassroots level is proposed as the solution, acknowledging tribal leadership and providing them with a voice, which is currently absent due to political absenteeism.
    • Looking Beyond Security and Development:
      • The resolution to the Maoist challenge is portrayed as extending beyond security and development measures.
      • Enabling democracy at the grassroots level is seen as crucial to recognizing tribal aspirations and exposing the ulterior motives of Maoists.
      • A shift from short-term reactive approaches to a more proactive strategy in addressing the root causes of the Maoist challenge is needed.

About Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act

  • The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, abbreviated as PESA, is a significant legislation enacted by the Government of India.
  • Background:
    • 73rd constitutional amendment in 1992 aimed to promote local self-governance in rural India through a three-tier Panchayati Raj Institution.
    • Application of the amendment to scheduled and tribal areas under Article 243(M) was initially restricted.
    • Bhuria Committee recommendations in 1995 led to the creation of the Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act in 1996.
    • PESA designed to ensure tribal self-rule in scheduled areas of India.
  • PESA ensures self-governance through traditional Gram Sabhas for inhabitants of the Scheduled Areas in the country.
  • Scheduled Areas, delineated by the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, are regions present in ten states with a predominant tribal population.
  • Enacted on 24 December 1996, PESA serves to extend the constitutional provisions of Part IX to Scheduled Areas, introducing specific exceptions and modifications.
  • The primary objective of PESA is to empower Panchayats at various levels and Gram Sabhas to establish a system of self-governance.
  • This system encompasses a range of issues such as customary resources, minor forest produce, minor minerals, minor water bodies, beneficiary selection, project approval, and control over local institutions.
  • Gram Sabha Empowerment:
    • PESA grants absolute powers to the Gram Sabha, recognizing it as a key governing authority in scheduled areas.
    • State legislature has an advisory role to facilitate proper functioning of Panchayats and Gram Sabhas.
    • Powers delegated to Gram Sabha cannot be curtailed by higher levels of governance.

What does COP-28 mean for cities?

(General Studies- Paper III)

Source : TH

The 28th Conference of Parties (COP-28) in Dubai, while falling short of a definitive statement on ending fossil fuels, sparked discussions on transitioning away from them.

  • The conference focused on Global Stock Taking (GST) related to the Paris climate agreements and cleared the Loss and Damage Fund, emphasizing both mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Key Highlights

  • Urbanization and Climate Change:
    • The discussion highlighted the shift from 44% to 55% of the global population living in cities since the initiation of the UNFCC COP in 1995.
    • Anticipation of reaching 68% urban population by 2050, emphasizing the pivotal role of cities in climate actions.
    • Urban areas currently consume 75% of primary energy and contribute to approximately 70% of CO2 emissions (76% of total GHG emissions).
    • Acknowledgment that achieving Paris commitments is impossible without addressing urban challenges.
    • COP-28 dedicated a special day for a ministerial meeting on urbanization and climate change.
  • “Nothing for Us Without Us” Principle:
    • City representatives and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) emphasized the principle of “nothing for us without us.”
    • Advocacy for redefining financial and governance structures of COPs and pushing for multi-level green deal governance.
    • City representatives advocated for the formal recognition of the role of subnational governments in global climate change negotiations.
    • Emphasis on accelerating and scaling up climate action at all governance levels, with direct financing and technical assistance to cities and regions.
  • Challenges and Opportunities:
    • Recognition that challenging federal government authorities is necessary to formally acknowledge the crucial role of cities and regions in driving climate ambition.
    • Cities and regions identified as key actors in creating green jobs, reducing air pollution, and enhancing human health and well-being.
  • Vulnerabilities in Global South Cities:
    • Cities in the Global South face greater vulnerability compared to their Western counterparts.
    • Issues include limited empowerment of city leaders, a significant informal employment sector, adaptation challenges due to climate-induced disasters, and widening wealth gaps exacerbated by a focus on attracting investments.
    • In countries like India, 40% of the urban population resides in slums, and pollution significantly reduces life expectancies.
  • Need for Radical Shift:
    • Urgent need for radical shifts in city governance processes to ensure fair participation in climate action plans and claims for loss and damage compensation.
    • The empowerment of city leaders and addressing social and economic inequities are crucial elements.
  • Initiatives for Progress:
    • The creation of a climate atlas for Global South cities, mapping them and identifying climate hotspots.
    • A major support from existing financial architectures is also needed, including outcomes from COPs.
    • Highlights the exclusion of cities during the preparation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and National Adaptation Plans.
    • There is a need for city leaders and civil society representation to be included in climate action plans, emphasizing parallel efforts to reclaim spaces at COPs.
  • City-Led Initiatives:
    • Cities like Chennai spearheading climate action plans with a commitment to achieve zero emission targets by 2050, surpassing the national government’s stipulated time frame of 2070.
    • This clearly emphasizes the importance of cities reclaiming spaces in planning both mitigation and adaptive strategies.

India’s first winter Arctic expedition begins

(General Studies- Paper III)

Source : TH

Raman Research Institute (RRI) will participate in the first winter Indian expedition to the Arctic region.

  • Researchers from RRI will examine the radio frequency environment in the Svalbard region of the Arctic, focusing on its characterization.

Key Highlights

  • Objective and Significance:
    • The survey aims to assess the suitability of the Arctic region, specifically Svalbard, for precision astronomy measurements.
    • India’s research station, Himadri, established in the Arctic since 2008, provides a base for the expedition.
  • Survey Focus:
    • The expedition teamwill conduct a survey of the radio frequency environment at Svalbard, exploring the potential for deploying low-frequency radio telescopes in the region.
    • The study is expected to open new avenues for scientific exploration in the Arctic.
  • Funding and Nodal Agency:
    • The month-long scientific expedition is funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
    • The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa, is the nodal agency leading the expedition.
  • SARAS Experiments by RRI:
    • RRI has been working on the Shaped Antenna measurement of the Background Radio Spectrum (SARAS) series of experiments for nearly a decade.
    • SARAS focuses on studying the faint cosmological signal from hydrogen known as the 21-cm signal, originating from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization.
    • Raman Research Institute (RRI) is conducting an Arctic expedition to study the radio frequency environment in the Svalbard region for cosmological research.
    • The focus is on the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization, crucial yet poorly understood phases in the early evolution of the universe.
      • Cosmic Dawn denotes the period when the first stars and galaxies were born in the universe.
    • Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and Instrumentation:
      • Signals from the Cosmic Dawn are extremely faint and challenging to detect due to interference from various sources.
      • Urbanization has limited suitable locations for precision measurements, and RFI from sources like cell phone towers and broadcasting stations affects observations.
      • Sensitive electronic instruments will study incoming radio signals in the frequency range of 5 – 500 megahertz (MHz) in the vicinity of the Himadri research station.
      • The goal is to achieve the required sensitivity for cosmological observations while overcoming challenges posed by RFI.
    • Scientific Significance:
      • The Arctic survey is expected to contribute to understanding the suitability of the Svalbard region for precision astronomy measurements.
      • It will provide insights into the radio quietness of the location, influencing decisions on deploying the SARAS radio telescope.

About

  • The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), formerly known as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), is an autonomous institution situated in Vasco da Gama, Goa.
  • Operating under the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) within the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NCPOR is responsible for overseeing the Indian Antarctic Programme and managing the nation’s Antarctic research stations, Bharati and Maitri.
  • Established on May 25, 1998, as NCPOR, the institution plays a vital role in global experiments, international conferences, and leadership in Antarctic science committees.

Note: On October 9, 2016, NCPOR established a high-altitude research station in the Himalayas named Himansh.